Huck Finn Comparison Essay Essay

The great American novel â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† by Mark Twain is about a white southern raised child named Huck Finn and a runaway slave, Jim, running away together. This novel is similar in ways to that of the novel â€Å"The Great Gatsby† by F. Scott Fitzgerald, which is about â€Å"the fabulously wealthy Jay Gatsby and his love Daisy Buchanan. †(Book Cover) The character Huckleberry Finn is similar to characters of â€Å"The Great Gatsby. † Huck Finn is similar to Jay Gatsby because of their lies about their families, their reasons for lying, and their frames of reference of what not to do. Huck Finn is also similar to Myrtle Wilson. This is due to the fact that both try to create and live their â€Å"adventurous fantasy† lives and also because while trying to make their fantasy a reality they quickly forget about important people and belongings. The character Huck Finn is similar to Jay Gatsby in two ways. The first way in which these characters are alike is between the lies they tell about their family. Huck Finn’s lies are about having a family and how â€Å"pap and me and all the family was living on a little farm down at the bottom of Arkansaw,† (Twain 75). While Gatsby’s lies are about how he has no family and how is the son of â€Å"some wealthy people in the Middle West — all dead now. †(Fitzgerald 65). The major similarity of this is that they create these fantasy families because they are ashamed of their real family in a way which leads them to create their view of a good family. Besides Huck Finn’s and Gatsby’s similarity in lies and their reasoning behind lying, these characters are also similar because they use the same type of person as a frame of reference of what not to do or become. Jay Gatsby uses his deceased friend, Dan Cody, as his frame of reference. Dan Cody, when drunk, would commit acts of â€Å"savage violence of the frontier brothel and saloon. †(Fitzgerald 100) and would have Gatsby jail him on the yacht because he knew what would happen once he became drunk enough. Gatsby barely drank anything because he saw firsthand what alcohol could turn you Prev Page into if you had enough of it in your system. Huck Finn uses his pap as his frame of reference of what not to do or become. Pap, while drunk, is exceptionally violent. Pap would chase Huck around the hut â€Å"with a clasp-knife, calling me the Angel of Death†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Twain 22) and he would get â€Å"too handy with his hickory† (Twain 18) which left Huck â€Å"all over welts† (Twain 18). These frames of references of what not to become have helped the characters develop a more stable moral code. Other than Jay Gatsby, Huck Finn is also comparable to Myrtle Wilson in two ways. One characteristic these two characters have in common is that they dislike their real lives that they try to create and live these fantasy lives. Huck Finn never returns to reality and live his real life unless him and Jim are by themselves on the river. While he is on shore Huck always creates all these aliases with different backgrounds every time he meets new people or a new family. When Myrtle Wilson is with Tom Buchanan and her â€Å"friends† in the apartment-homes in the West Hundreds she creates the fabulous fantasy life where she is just so care free and rich. While she lives this fantasy life she lets Tom make fun of her husband by imagining a picture entitled â€Å"George B. Wilson at the Gas Pump. †(Fitzgerald 33). She pretends that she has money when Mrs. McKee compliments her on the dress she is wearing and Myrtle is just shrugging off because this is something she wears when she â€Å"don’t care what I look like† (Fitzgerald 31). In addition to their likeness in trying to live a fantasy life, Huck Finn and Myrtle share their ability to promptly forget about important people and belongings. This is evident with Myrtle when she buys the dog on her way to the apartment with Tom and Nick. As quickly as she buys the dog she forgets about it before the end of the party which is sitting on a table â€Å"looking with blind eyes through the smoke, and from time to time groaning faintly. †( Fitzgerald 37 ) and not once has she gone to check to see if it is out of water, food, or even tries to take it out of that type of environment. For Huck the person he forgets about is his loyal and caring friend Jim. Whenever Huck is living one of his adventurous fantasy lives he never takes a pause to think about what Jim is doing, feeling, what type of danger he might be in, or what he could be going through right now while he’s having Prev Page the time of his life or getting himself in deep trouble on the shore. Conclusively the great American novel â€Å"The Great Gatsby† by F. Scott Fitzgerald has characters that share characteristics with that of Huck Finn from the novel, â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† by Mark Twain. Huckleberry Finn is like Jay Gatsby because they both lie about their family because they’re ashamed of their real on and want what they feel would be a better family for them. They’re also alike in the way that they use the same type of person as a frame of reference of what not to do, which helps them build a more durable moral code. Myrtle Wilson is also comparable to Huck Finn on account of that they try to create and live fantasy lives, and then they get so caught up in their fake lives that they forget about the important people and belongings in their lives.

M & a of China Automobile Industry Essay

The Researches on Overseas Mergers and Acquisitions of China Automobile Industry in Post-Crisis Period? ZHU Qin School of Economics, Zhejiang Gongshang University, P. R. China, 310018 Zhuqin9871@163. com Abstract: Since the 2008 financial crisis, the overseas mergers and acquisitions (M&A) of China automobile industry have become a topic the world’s automobile market most concerns about. This paper views that the rapid growth of the domestic automobile market, the adjustments in overseas auto industry and much support from government’s policies provide a good background and favorable conditions to overseas M&A of China automobile industry. It also points out that although China’s state-owned enterprises are still the main body of overseas mergers and acquisitions of China auto industry, private enterprises are playing an increasingly important role. Through studying specific cases, the paper proposes countermeasures concerning overseas mergers and acquisitions of China automobile industry in post-crisis period. Keywords: Post-crisis period, the automobile industry, overseas mergers and acquisitions 1 Introduction The rapid growth of China’s economy since the reform and opening, the explosive increase of automobile industry in recent years and government’s supporting policies on the automobile industry altogether offer new opportunities and conditions to overseas M&A of China automobile industry. At present, China has become the largest automobile producer in the global. In 2009, the top ten automobile manufacturing countries were: China (13791000), Japan (7. 935 million), United States (5. 697 million), Germany (5. 206 million ), Korea (3. 513 million), Brazil (3. 183 million), India (2. 628 million), Spain (2. 17 million), France (1.935 million), Mexico (1. 561 million). Large-scale production capacity endows China auto companies with a base to expand overseas. Following the 2008 financial crisis, the global economic downturn has had the international Automotive Group faced with overcapacity problem; meanwhile, the global credit shortage has brought great pressure to the survival and development of the automobile business. Funding gaps emerged in many international auto giants. After the financial crisis, the asset value of many foreign enterprises is seriously underestimated, which gives a good chance for Chinese enterprises to take a shot. Through overseas M&A access to the dreaming international auto brands, the core technology and international marketing channels can be acquired at low costs. At the same time, Chinese auto companies have sufficient capital reserves at the present stage, and with the strong support from the government and national financial institutions, there is a potential for them to become competitive buyers for part of the international Automotive Group’s quality assets. It is worth mentioning that related departments in the Chinese government treat the auto industry as a pillar industry of national economy, giving it much positive policy support. â€Å"The automotive industry restructuring and rejuvenation program†, promulgated in 2009 increased efforts to support the automobile industry. First, the program states that â€Å"it is required to promote the restructuring of the automotive industry, to support M&A of large-scale automobile enterprise groups, to expand the scale of major auto parts enterprises through M&A. † Previously, the major auto companies were not willing to conduct cross-regional restructuring because of too many barriers. â€Å"The automotive industry restructuring and rejuvenation program† can effectively solve this kind of concerns. In related detailed ? [Sustentation Fund]: National Science Fund of China (70703030) , Zhejiang Province Science Fund (Y6080222), Humanity and Social Science Fund of Chinese Ministry of Education (07JA790083, 09YJC790240) 43 M & D FORUM regulations, associated guidelines are made which involve the acquirer and acquiree, such as the source of acquisition financing, tax issues that may arise in acquisition, the asset disposal of acquired companies and employee relocation and other problems prone to cause disputes or already existing barriers. At the same time, it will lift the standard of admitting foreign asset and acquiring related domestic enterprises to (protectively) enhance the competitiveness of domestic auto companies. In addition, in March 16, 2009, the Ministry of Commerce issued † procedures for the administration of foreign investment † to further reform foreign investment management system, promote the facilitation of foreign investment, support Chinese enterprises to â€Å"go out† and participate more in international economic cooperation and competition. These help to raise strong and positive support for overseas M & A of China automobile industry. 2 The Main Body of Overseas M&A of China Automobile Industry Before 2008, although there were many cases of overseas M&A in China automobile industry, such as SAIC’s acquisition of Ssang Yong in 2004, Nanjing Auto ’s acquisition of Rover in 2005 and so on, the overall impact and scale were still limited and attention from the domestic and international was not intense enough. From 2006 to 2008, the scale of M&A China’s major automobile companies has been further reduced, with the total number of only 7. It only covered 19% of the total number of Chinese car companies’ various overseas investment. Other overseas investment approaches were: 21 cases of joint ventures or strategic alliances, accounting for 57%, 8 cases of factory founding directly, accounting for 22%, and 1 case of technology transfer. But after 2008, when the world auto market is still full of financial cold haze, the Chinese auto companies went against the trend. A number of enterprises joined with foreign auto brands in carrying out cross-border marriage. In this short year, both the vehicle industry or parts manufacturers lunched many acquisitions either far-reaching or with extremely high degree of concern. Beijing Automobile Works acquired Saab, Geely acquired Volvo, Beijing West Industry’s acquisition of the U. S. Delphi, Geely DSI bought Australian automatic transmission companies, to name just a few. Overall, in the current automobile industry, China’s M & A main body is evolving towards a diversed boom. China’s automobile companies participating in overseas M & A are no longer confined to state-owned ones. Due to their growing strength and government’s supportive policies, private enterprises have become the new force, injecting new vigor and vitality into the overseas M&A of China automobile industry. However, state-owned enterprises are still the most important main body in cross-border M & A activities [7]. In this M & A wave, the Beijing Automotive, as one of the state-owned enterprises, successfully finished the acquisition of the Swedish brand Saab in December 2009. State-owned enterprises have an advantage of large scale, but often there is a serious deficiency in the governance, a general lack of motivation of in the management. A majority of state-owned operators have an incomplete momentum for cross-border M & A. The private enterprise, with their natural clear property rights, fewer policy constraints, and a flexible structure and mechanism are playing an increasingly important role in the wave of automotive M&A. Thanks to less intervention from the government and following less protection compared with the state-owned enterprises, private enterprises possess stronger self-awareness, risk awareness and a sense of competition. Increasingly powerful private enterprise group is supposed to become an important force in the cross-border M & A in the future [15]. In this M&A wave, the most distinctive representative of private enterprises is China Geely Group. As a leader of China’s private auto enterprise, in March 2010, it successfully reached an agreement with General Motors, purchasing 100% of the shares of GM’s Volvo. 3 A Study of Overseas M & A Cases in China Automobile Industry 44 M & D FORUM 3. 1 Overseas M & A cases of automobile enterprises In the choice of overseas M & A targets, China’s auto enterprises prefer developed regions like Europe and the United States, especially concentrating on world’s top 10 auto-producing countries besides China such as the United States, France and other places. The vehicle industry in these areas has long history, with many powerful brands, more developed economy, higher living standard and stronger consumer ability. In the choice of specific targets, Chinese enterprises are in favor of those enterprises that are of highly well-known brands, a long history, as well as advanced technology and experienced management. However, during this financial crisis, a serious setback in operating performance led some of these companies or brands to great losses or even near-collapse. Geely’s acquisition of Volvo and Beijing Auto’s of Saab is representative ones. They are very typical in this M&A wave starting after the financial crisis. 3. 1. 1 Beijing auto’s acquisition of Saab On December 28, 2009, Beijing Automotive Holdings formally announced the acquisition of relevant intellectual property rights of Saab cars at a cost of 200 million U. S. dollars. By then, Beijing Automotive has gotten the core data of the complete research, production, marketing, quality control system. This international transaction is the first successful case for a domestic automobile enterprise to carry out the acquisition of foreign advanced and complete vehicle power technology since 2009. As one of a few China’s Automotive Groups who not yet have their own brands, Beijing Automotive is very urgent on owning its own brand-related technology. So the successful marriage with the Saab is of great significance for Beijing Automotive to speed up the process of independent R & D and internationalization. 3. 1. 2 Geely’s acquisition of Volvo On December 23, 2009, Ford Motor Company released a statement of reaching a framework agreement to sell its Volvo to Geely. In March 28, 2010, Geely signed a definitive stock purchase agreement with Ford to buy 100% of the shares of Volvo Car at a cost of 1. 8 billion U. S. dollars and then signed a definitive agreement concerning related assets [32]. This saliva battles full of troubles ended with Geely tenaciously achieving its dream of â€Å"snake swallows elephant†. It is a spur for other domestic auto enterprises, also a major step for Geely towards the international market Simultaneously it helps the Volvo brand to further open the Chinese market,. However, it is not easy for Geely to â€Å"digest† Volvo. Whether it is because of the picky European Union, or high operating costs for brand, or cultural integration, especially the integration and management of Volvo’s distributors, factories and suppliers scattering over more than 100 countries and 2,400 regions. There are a series of huge problems. 3. 2 Overseas M & A cases of automobile parts enterprises After the financial crisis, overseas auto parts enterprises were faced with greater difficulties than full-vehicle enterprises. Bankruptcy and M&A happened frequently. Influenced by this round of auto industry structure adjustment, the integration of parts suppliers intensified, and M & A wave aimed at supplier groups resurged. Foreign well-known auto parts enterprises like Australian transmission company DSI, Delphi in the United States and so on occupy pivotal positions in the auto parts industry, and even have a significant impact on the development of the full-vehicle market. Direct purchase of foreign auto parts enterprises is local suppliers’ one way of gaining access to core technology. After the current financial crisis, the M&A cases of auto parts enterprises are quite frequent and also larger and more far-reaching than that of before the crisis. Such as Geely’s acquisition of the Australian transmission company DSI, Beijing West Industry’s acquisition of U. S. Delphi, WanXiang Group’s acquisition of the U. S. DS automobile steering shaft and so on. 3. 2. 1 Beijing West Industry’s acquisition of Delphi On March 31, 2009, Delphi formally agreed to sell its global businesses of braking and suspension to Beijing West Industry. Beijing West was prepared to pay 90 million U. S. dollars in cash to acquire Delphi’s related machinery and equipment, intellectual property and real estate, including its businesses of braking and suspension in eight plants, five technology centers and 14 technical support and customer 45 M & D FORUM service centers which locate worldwide. 3. 2. 2 Geely’s acquisition of DSI. On March 27, 2009 in New South Wales State’s Government Building, the signing ceremony of Geely acquiring Australian Automatic Transmission Company was held. According to a statement from Li Shufu, the Chairman of Geely Group, Geely conducts a wholly-owned acquisition of DSI for it values DSI’s complete designing and manufacturing capabilities accumulated over 80 years. DSI Automatic Transmission Company is an automatic transmission specialist centralizing research and development, manufacturing, and sales altogether. What is more, it is one of the only two global automatic transmission companies that are independent from all automotive vehicle companies. 4 Countermeasures and Suggestions for Overseas M & A of China Automobile Industry 4. 1 The selection of objects for overseas M & A First of all, when making overseas M & A, Chinese auto enterprises need to be careful of those M & A targets who already have no competitive advantage within the industry, and just to sell companies to reject the burden. Therefore, they should be especially cautious in the choice of Objects for overseas M & A and take various factors into consideration. Second, while doing overseas M&A, Chinese auto enterprises can not just focus on targets of low purchase price, but on the potential value of the enterprises after the acquisition. Therefore, the Chinese auto enterprises ought to choose targets that are consistent and coordinated with their own strategic objectives, and can complement their own businesses to achieve synergies; to choose overseas assets with low cost but are able to produce better results through the integration. Finally, in assessing M & A targets, priority should be given to smaller yet high quality objects in accordance with their requirements. M & A are to be done for many times, at small amount and with steady integration. 4. 2 A careful and scientific implementation of overseas M & A After enterprises have determined the strategic premise of overseas M & A consistent with their own development requirements, they need to compare the key links in tactic and carry on related initiatives. First, in M & A planning session, to establish a more comprehensive overseas assessment system; to do a comprehensive and quantitative research with regard to the status of the host country market, national policies and regulations, competition pattern, the main risks; to do further accurate assessment of the target company’s technology, independent intellectual property rights, operation status and potential value, weighing the risks and opportunities. Second, after selecting the target of M & A, a comprehensive understanding of the business-related technology, the details of intellectual property rights should be gained, and the specific items and amounts of M & A be finalized. To maximize benefits at the lowest cost by conducting effective negotiations. Third, after the transaction is completed, to assess comprehensively the differences of both managements in management philosophy, and the differences of staff in culture, values, benefits, remuneration and so on. To orderly propel the process of integration in achieving M & A objects. 4. 3 The implementation of the strategic resource reserves in overseas M & A To obtain opportunities of overseas M&A, auto industry are required to carry out resource reserves in four aspects. First, human resources reserves. The Chinese auto enterprises should consciously reserve all kinds of overseas M & A professionals as soon as possible. Second, M & A experience reserves. By continually accumulating experience through practices, enterprises can learn more about related laws and regulations, operating procedures, and precautions to reduce risks, and then improve the success rate. Third, M & A financial reserves. To fight for access to financial support from the government or large financial institutions. To ensure enough amount of money while minimizing financial costs. 46 M & D FORUM 5 Conclusion During post-crisis period, the China automobile industry is facing an unprecedented good opportunity in overseas M&A. With the support of concerning policies, the China auto industry is adopting an active global strategy. Through the integration of global auto industry resources, the international competitiveness force of China auto industry is enhanced in a great degree. In the process of overseas M&A, the China auto industry needs to actively carry out relevant strategic resource reserves, scientifically select acquisition targets, and carefully as well as scientifically implement specific overseas M & A strategy. Author in brief: Zhu Qin, PHD, Associate Professor, School of Economics, Zhejiang Gongshang University Email: zhuqin9871@163. com. References [1]. Stefano Rossiand Paolo Volpin. Cross-Country Determinants of Mergers and Acquisitions [M]. London Business School, 2002 [2]. Guo Jianhua. The global automotive industry changing situation report [R]. Beijing: Equality in Automobile Research Institute, 2009(in Chinese) [3]. RolandBerger Strategy Consultants. China’s auto industry development, in the current financial crisis the opportunities and challenges [R], 2009 (in Chinese) [4]. State Council Development Research Center of Industrial Economics Research Department, Society of Automotive Engineers of China, Volkswagen Group. China Automotive Industry Development Report [M]. Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press, 2009. 7 (in Chinese) 47

Barrier and communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Barrier and communication - Essay Example These are the logical responsibilities of communication. Communication also impinges on the enthusiasm of employees to endow with useful suggestions In fact, effective communication between supervisors and employees for employees to make the important development require at every stage of decision. Employees characteristically are diffident to shape their goals, their concerns and their disappointments. Of course, an employee may be a moaner and share views to the summit a supervisor silently begs for less "communication." Much more widespread is necessitate better understanding what an employee is "really thinking. There are a number of ways that people go erroneous situation when communicating. Unfortunately, obstructions to workplace communication can escort to co-worker alienation, a stoppage to make a good intuition, arguments and misinterpretations. Perceptual Barriers: Employees nurture familiarized to perceiving things in meticulous ways, making it complicated to distinguish new meanings. For example, a manager who has a preference to appoint Ivy League graduates may neglect the outstanding and excellent contributions that could be made by a group of people, society, community and college students. Due to unfounded perceptions, a worker may urge incorrect solutions. Sandra Cleary suggests in her book â€Å"Communication: A Hands-On Approach† that education and intelligence impinge on our way of thinking, as do a persons physiological, security and self esteem needs. Physiological Barriers: Physiological barriers are characteristics of the speaker or listener that interfere with the transmission or reception of knowledge. Such as, an itching may make it complicated to be considerate to a conversation or drowsiness may affect an employees attentiveness. Physical soreness, aches and depression also unconstructively influence hearing and elucidation of a message. Other issues, such as famine,

Nursing philosophy Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nursing philosophy - Personal Statement Example A nurse should embrace the caring culture as they should put aside their values and care for the sick patient. Nurses should have integrity so as to make an ethical decision (Watson 65). Nurses should also embrace diversity so as to understand different cultures in accordance to their patients. Nurses believe that humans are complex organisms and that the study of their nature is more complex than people perceive (Watson 70). Nurses also believe that humans like to be understood. Finally, nurses believe that all humans behave differently. This is helpful as nurses look after dozens of people each day. Hence, they learn to relate with the different types of species that are out there. The society expects nurses to offer emotional support to their patients, as well as their families. Also, the society expects nurses to have good hygiene along with their dressing (Watson 72). Finally, a nurse is also expected, by the society, to follow the doctor’s orders. This might include overseen tests among others. A patient expects a nurse to look after him or her in all ways (Watson 72). For instance, a patient who cannot walk expects a nurse to lead his or her way in the hospital. In addition, families with their respective members in a hospital expect nurses to look after them with much care. Finally, a doctor expects that a nurse follows his or her directions such as when caring out surgeries or tests that are left behind to be done later (Watson 73). Education in nursing offers the potential nurse with great knowledge that she might draw upon on her career (Watson 105). Also, education nursing requires potential nurse to complete a semester of hands-on practice in a health center. This enables potential nurses to have a glimpse of what nursing really involves before they call it a career (Watson 105). Finally, education in nursing enables future nurses to acquire licenses from the National Council Licensure Examination in nursing. If I turn out to be a nurse,

Social Psychology - Social Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Psychology - Social Research - Essay Example People always strive for mastery, which means they try to comprehend and forecast events in the social world in order to obtain encouragement. They enjoy feeling experienced and effective and will do their best to obtain these feelings. And on the contrary they are likely to avoid situations that exclude obtaining them. People are apt to seek connectedness, i.e. they look for support, love, and acceptance from those who surround them. Due to this groups they care about and value usually make people behave in a manner to liking from representatives of such groups. People value "me and mine" that means they wish to see themselves - as well as other people and groups they like - in a positive light. It makes people collect and remember information in the support of this positive motivation, and neglect or simply miss information that proves the opposite (Smith and Mackie, 1995). Each of these principles provides a number of effective tools that can be applied to nearly all spheres of human life to explain the interconnection between a wide variety of factors that influence behavior of an individual or a group.

See the instruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

See the instruction - Essay Example Basically, negligence can be described as the act of doing something a reasonable man would not do and a plaintiff must prove in such a case that the defendant owes a duty of care (Donoghue V. Stevenson, 1932). The factual problem is that W.R Grace and Riley Leather contaminated Woburn water supply site resulting sickness and death at Woburn. These companies have a duty care to protect environment while conducting the production activities. However, they breached their duty by disposing hazardous waste that led to death and illness among the citizens in this area. The death of 12 people of which 8 are kids can be attributed to approximate cause. These companies dumped barrels that contained TCE (Trichlorethylene) carcinogens onto the land and it sipped underground and contaminated the river which negatively affected the health of Woburn people since they use the river as their main source of water supply. For example, Anna Anderson’s son, Jimmy dies because of Leukemia and also another parent lost his son to the same disease on their way to the hospital. Moreover, one of the employees Palino developed lung cancer among other people who suffer from immune system diseases. These insta nces support the claim that W.R. Grace and Riley Leather acted in a negligent way since their action negatively impacted on Woburn people’s health. Besides negatively impacting on the health of people, W.R. Grace and Riley Leather also commit other legal case. For instance, they do not allow their employees to say the truth since they are given money or other benefits to remain silent. The workers risk losing their jobs if they reveal any information related to the dumping activities by these companies. For example, Al is afraid of becoming a whistleblower because he is afraid of losing his job. Additionally, Cheeseman gives him pressure after he reveals some facts about the

Human Learning and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Human Learning and Development - Essay Example until Sigmund Freud developed his psychodynamic perspective. In the present essay, I would like to focus on the newer theories of human cognitive progress, which are: Albert Bandura’s behaviorist approach, Erik Erikson’s psycho-social theory, Jean Piaget’s cognitive perspective, Roger’s humanistic study. It needs to be noted that the ideas of Enlightenment philosophers to great extent correlate with modern developmental searches. The ideas of social education (or, more precisely, education-in-environment ) were articulated in earlier Rousseau’s writings : †All children are perfectly designed organisms, ready to learn from their surroundings so as to grow into virtuous adults. But, due to the malign influence of corrupt society, they often fail to do so† (Astington et al, 1988, p.56). The most effective path of child education was the removal of the child from â€Å"from society (i.e., to a country home) and alternately conditioning him through changes to environment and setting traps and puzzles for him to solve or overcome† (ibid, p.57). Albert Bandura and the other foundators of behaviorism took this idea for their developmental theory. The Social Learning (ibid) approach focuses on the roles of enviromnet and the influences of social on life-span development. From this viewpoint, learning is almost the same as development, as it involves new experiences and activizes them. Human personality and thoughts are a result of experiences the individual faces, so Bandura and Skinner hold that human-being is a product of environment (Gopnik, 1990). Furthermore, Bandura also optimized educational model and adjusted it to behaviorist approach. Operant conditioning, which includes punishment and reinforcement, is considered the most applicable in present-day school settings, as its modus operandi is quite simple and effective in terms of dealing with 6-8-year-old children. Briefly, positive

Annotated Bibliography for Organizational Analysis Essay

Annotated Bibliography for Organizational Analysis - Essay Example The Political Frame recognizes the power play within and between institutions. The Symbolic Frame believes that schools produce symbols to create commitment and meaning. This article is important, because it describes different forms of leadership. However, it does not consider that some school leaders may be integrating these different frameworks. This source is important to my field of study, because it will help me analyze and prescribe the best frameworks for different goals and conditions in the Training and Doctrine Command. Managementhelp.org. (no date). What is an open system? Retrieved from http://managementhelp.org/misc/orgs-open-systems.pdf This article describes the main elements and concepts of an open system. An open system is a system that interacts with its external environment through feedback processes. Some of the important components of an open system are inputs, processes, outputs, goals, assessment, and learning. This article is a good source of the basics of an open system, but further research on its real-life applications is needed to understand its strengths and limitations further. This source is important to my field of study, because I want to know how the Training and Doctrine Command works as an open system and what can be done to exploit the advantages of this system. I also want to learn the issues with an open system, especially in how the external environment affects the internal system. Nadler, D.A., & Nadler, M.B. (2000). The Congruence framework - a roadmap for understanding organizational performance. Mercer Management Journal, (13), 4-10. Retrieved from http://www.oliverwyman.com/deu-insights/MMJ13-OrganizationalTrans.pdf Nadler and Nadler (2000) argued that the congruence framework analyzes the roots of organizational performance. They described that it is not a prescriptive model, but an analytical framework that helps leaders understand the interaction between social and technical factors that affect the performance of each organization, so that people can design and execute their own solutions to their organization’s distinctive performance problems. The strengths of the article are its explanation of the components of the congruence model and its application of the model on the Harley-Davidson’s case. Its weakness is that it was not tested empirically using other companies and industries. This source is important to my field of study, because it will help me analyze the best way to implement large-scales changes to the Training and Doctrine Command. McLeod, S. (2007, June 25). Bolman & Deal frameworks. Big think.com. Retrieved from http://bigthink.com/ideas/bolman-deal-frameworks McLeod explains the Bolman & Deal frameworks. These frames are different on their main beliefs about schools as organizations, and the means in achieving their goals. The strength of this article is that it underlines that it is possible to use all frames in understanding and resolving school problems and in implementing organizational changes. It is not an academic source, however, and it will help to do more research on these frameworks and how they are actually used or changed during design and implementation changes. This source is important to my field of study, because I am interested in knowing different ways of analyzing issues in the Training and Doctrine Command and in determining the best leadership approaches. Bolman & Deal fr

Refugees and Asylum Seekers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Refugees and Asylum Seekers - Research Paper Example The situations that makes it impossible for a refugee to return to his home country must relate to something that makes it unsafe, dangerous or fatal for the individual to return to his home country. There are two facades to examine these situations that puts a person in danger. One angle is to view it from an individual perspective, where an individual, due to some activities or inherent situations is subjected to possible death, torture or inhumane conditions. On the other hand, a person might qualify to become a refugee if there is a situation that has been declared by the international community as a war or internal conflict. Chimni (2000) identifies that widest root cause of the exodus of refugees is ethnic reasons. This implies that people are more likely to become refugees because of persecution related to their ethnic views and identities. Chimni (2000) identifies two reasons for this. The first reason is that ethnic differences are susceptible to exploitation. Secondly, the control of a state by one ethnic group is likely to lead to threats to the lives of people of other ethnic origins. This definition of the term 'refugee' is consistent with Article 1 of the 1951 UN Geneva Convention. (Carlier, 1997). This UN statute makes it imperative for nations to take in persons who fall into the category of refugees to be given the status of refugee, which makes them entitled to some degree of help, support and rights in the host country (Carlier, 1997). Normally, a person who has a genuine fear in his home country moves into another country and applies for an asylum (Chimni, 2000). The asylum seeking process allows a potential refugee to present the reasons why he is fleeing form his home country. It is up to the authorities in the host country to assess the application and grant or refuse the application on several grounds. In most developed countries the reasons for seeking asylum is segmented to seven categories and each category has its own rules and proce sses (Hynes, 2011). Thus each application has to be put into one of the seven categories. When this is done, the relevant rules would be invoked based on the facts presented by the applicant. If the application is consistent with the rules for the specific category the application goes through, the asylum would be granted. And when this is done, a person's status is upgraded from asylum seeker to refugee. In this instance, the person is given basic necessities in life and allowed to live and work in the host country (Hynes, 2011). Technically, when an asylum seeker is granted refugee status, he cannot be deported back to his country of origin either until the person voluntarily goes back to the country or the situation in the country is declared over and there is no threat to the life of the individual in question. In some cases, an asylum application could be rejected on one of several grounds including abusive or unfounded (Hynes, 2011). An unfounded application is an application made by a person whose claim for asylum does not have a basis. An example is the case of a person who claims to be at risk in his home country because of a human rights situation that his country has guaranteed against. Such an application would be declined by most countries because it does not seem there is a real threat. The second form of rejection is where an asylum claim is defined as a means to a given end other than escape from a dangerous situation in a person's home country. A common

Journal entry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Journal entry - Essay Example The habit is then transferred to classrooms in the writing of assignments and essays. This has lowered the quality of written work teenagers produce. The problem is getting severe by the day such that college admission officers are getting concerned that the habit is getting out of hand. They are reporting increased cases of below par admission essays. (Eble 65) notes that slang is ever changing, and the speakers seek to establish a form of social identity within the group. The other reported problem has been the use of slang words. Words are gradually being replaced by simpler, shorter versions. While this problem is common among teenagers and the younger generation, the habit is catching up with adults. It is now a common occurrence to hear people say ‘yeah in place of ‘yes. People have a hard time differentiating between casual and official language. The effects of this communication mishap are being seen where people are failing in job interviews due to the use of what is deemed as casual language. Those who encounter such scenarios learn the negative impact of the use of slang in the harshest of ways. They fail to adjust their language according to the situation at hand. While many insist that the slang has had a negative impact of English language, there are those who disagree. They argue that English; just like any other language is not static. They are of the opinion that languages are dynamic and as such, the language is a collection of words from different languages, (Hogg 111) For instance, English is a collection of words from Greek and Latin, which have been reinvented and assimilated over time. The invention of fast mode of transport has enhanced globalization where people travel far and wide thus further promoting cultural interaction. As people travel for business, education or tourism purposes, they are bound to assimilate some words

Promote communication in health and social care Essay Example for Free

Promote communication in health and social care Essay Communication is one of the most essential tools we have to help us interact with other people around us. We use it constantly in our everyday lives whether it be at work, with friends or at home with our families. The way we communicate reflects our personality and the way we come across to other people and build trust and relationships. Reasons why people communicate. †¢ Building relationships with the people around us †¢ Maintaining relationships †¢ Sharing ideas and thoughts †¢ Expressing feelings and needs †¢ Gaining reassurance and acknowledgement †¢ Gaining information and sharing information When we have a new child starting we have an â€Å"all about me† form that we ask the parent to complete. We do this to get to know the child and his/her likes and dislikes so that they can feel comfortable and to start building a relationship with that child and parent. We sit down with the parent to have a talk about this and also ask them if they would like a drink so that they feel welcome and at ease. As well as building relationships with the children and parents it is important to build relationships with the people we work with. Asking them questions about themselves and telling them about yourself. When a parent brings a child in in the morning we greet them and the child saying good morning and smiling. Likewise when the child is collected saying goodbye and taking time talking to the parent about the childs day. This helps maintain the relationship with the parent and child. Letting them know that we have time to speak to them and to listen. Likewise talking to the other staff members about their interests or if they had a nice weekend. Greeting them when coming in also helps to maintain a good working relationship with them. It is important for adults as well as children that they feel listened to and feel like their ideas and thoughts are important. Listening to a child will not only help build a relationship with that child but also make the child feel valued and build their self esteem. Also listening to what they have to say and respecting their feelings is an important way to meet the childs needs. When we meet new people one of the first things we do is to share and gain information with that person. This will help to establish a relationship with that person. This is also a vital part of working well with other people. When starting at the setting I first of all did this with the other staff by telling them about me and learning about them and also learning about the setting and how they do things there. With the children I asked them questions like their names and about the important people in their lives. This has helped me build relationships not just with the children at the setting but also t he people that I work with. Especially with the children that I work with I am finding it very important in building a relationship with them to reassure them and acknowledge their achievements. Praising them and showing them with my body language that they are important. They respond well to doing â€Å"high 5s† and keeping eye contact while they are talking to me. Likewise using some of the same tools with parents and colleagues help to acknowledge and reassure them that I am interested in what they have to say. It is very important to be able to communicate well with the people you work with. Not just to be happy yourself and to feel valued but also to provide the best care for the children in your setting. It is also important to be able to communicate well with the parents so that they feel that their needs are being met. They need to be able to leave the children in your care knowing that they will be safe and happy. When communicating with people we dont just use our voices but also non-verbal communication like eye contact, touch and body language. The non-verbal communication can be more powerful than the verbal. At the setting where I work we have a little boy who isnt using many words yet to communicate. He will come and take your hand and show you what it is he  wants. Using the information we have in the â€Å"all about me† form we know that he likes animals and to watch The Jungle Book on DVD. So we get the animals out and talk to him about them, asking him what noises those animals make and what they like to eat. Non-verbal communication is also very powerful when speaking to adults. Looking a the person you are speaking to can give you an idea of how they are feeling and also how they are reacting to what you are saying. The way you say some thing might be understood one way face to face with a person but will be understood differently over the telephone. Likewise listening skills are a very good tool to communicate well with the people around you. If you dont take time to listen to the children you will not be able to build a relationship with them. Also being able to learn from the other staff at your setting is important and would be impossible without good listening skills. If the communication isnt clear it can lead to misunderstanding. This can happen easily especially with children at a young age. It can also be a factor that a child, parent or colleague come from a different culture. As I am from Denmark but have lived in the UK for more than 13 years now I have felt this first hand. When I first moved here I worked with a man who used to speak to me as if I didnt understand. That made me feel like I was inadequate whereas he probably thought he was helping me. On the other hand I have had people using long and difficult words that I didnt understand and therefore making me feel less able to communicate with them. Feeling comfortable enough to ask questions and to say to the people you work with that you didnt understand is very important so that misunderstandings dont happen. Using different skills of communication would also be very helpful to make sure that the person you are talking to will be able to understand you. You might have to simplify y our language or use visual aids like pictures or in some cases have to use outside help like a translator or a speech therapist. To me good communication is all about building relationships with the people around you. This is even more important in the area of work that we do with children. Not only building the relationship with the parents, children and  colleagues but to teach the children from a young age to also communicate well and to help them to learn to build their own relationships with us, the children around them and everywhere else that they meet other people. Book used for information: Level 3 Diploma Children Young peoples Workforce Early Learning and Childcare by Penny Tassoni, Kate Beith, Kath Bulman and Sue Griffin

Concept of time Essay Example for Free

Concept of time Essay Time seemed to be an important aspect that influences the well-being of the elderly in the study. Time consciousness cannot be ignored when one considers the subjective experience of well-being among the institutionalized aged. The finding showed that many of them had a keen awareness of time or awareness of the present. According to their administrators, a few of them felt the urgency to make the best use of the remaining time in their life: to get closer to God and to prepare for a ‘good death. ’ The studies done by Butler Lewis (1972); Butler et 292 al. (1998); Sue Sue (1999); and Knight (1996) found that there is an obvious concern with time when it is clear that the remaining days are running short among the aged. The development of a sense of immediacy, of the here-and-now, of present-ness -all these aid in the evolution of a sense of enjoyment and tranquility which ultimately are decisive elements of well-being. The findings of the study exemplified this awareness of time/time consciousness among the institutionalized aged and that it has endowed them with a sense of urgency and purpose in the ‘evening’ of their lives. It could also be presumed that these two aspects of well-being, the concept time and attitude toward death are closely related. Attitude towards Death The elderly in Gladys Spellman viewed the existential problem of death and dying in different spirit. While some of them had a positive attitude toward death and looked at death as a natural transition from this life to a better life and have reconciled with this inevitable reality. Trust in God’s compassion and mercy and the expectation of heavenly reward, growing closer to God in prayer seemed to help those elderly who said they were at ease with the thought of death. Faith and spirituality change death from an ending to a new beginning of a new existence for Christians (Moberg, 2001). Accepting old age and death meaningfully makes life happier. Fear or acceptance of death is closely related to general satisfaction or well-being. When life is lived to the full, death becomes a fulfillment, a completion (Moberg, 2001). The following words of the elderly were shared with one of the administrators. â€Å"I’ve done my job. My mission is over. I have no worries about the future†¦He will take care†¦and I’m ready for final surrender/exit. † There were others who tried to put on a brave front to show that they were not afraid to die. A third category avoided talking about death, reasoning that it was not yet time for them to think about death as they felt there was plenty time left for such things. Those who avoided thinking about death and those who did not fear death but only feared ‘pain of death’ must be coping with the unrecognized fear of death. As Atchley (1997) puts it, although death is generally accepted with little fear among older people, it is only reasonable to assume that there are some who really fear death. Their trust in God’s mercy and hope in eternal reward probably help them cope with this fear.

Graphene Oxide (GO) as Antimicrobial Property

Graphene Oxide (GO) as Antimicrobial Property Over the past several years scientists have studied graphene materials (graphene, graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide) for its antimicrobial properties and its future application in the biomedical field. To date, the exact mechanism for why graphene and its derivatives have antibacterial properties has not been fully understood due to experimental design variables. Scientists have agreed that oxidative stress, phospholipid extraction, and nanoknives all play an important role in the antibacterial properties of graphene materials. There are several techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron spectroscopy, and mass spectroscopy that have been used to monitor change in morphology and cell death after exposure to graphene and its derivatives. Through these techniques scientist have been able to confirm that graphene materials are able to promote cellular death in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, leading to its promising future also in pharma ceuticals. Graphene is a two-dimensional hexagonal structure, consisting of a basal plane (along the surface) and lateral edges, that are made up of sp2 hybridized carbons which form a conjugated à Ã¢â€š ¬ system. This à Ã¢â€š ¬-conjugated system makes graphene very hydrophobic and able to interact with the hydrophobic cell membranes of bacteria. Graphene oxide (GO) is most commonly prepared using the Hummers method, which consists of a multi-step synthesis. First the graphite material is oxidized to form graphite oxide and then this is exfoliated via sonication to form a single layer of material called GO. Through the oxidation process oxygenated functional groups are introduced into the basal surfaces and lateral edges of GO. On the basal surface of GO, the functional groups of epoxides and hydroxyl groups are present, whereas, the larger groups such as carboxyl and carbonyl groups form along the lateral edges. It is important to note that with the introduction of the oxygenat ed functional groups, the basal plane and lateral edges will need to adopt sp3 hybridized carbons, which results in the formation of defect regions where the à Ã¢â€š ¬-conjugated system is broken. The presence of these defects will be explored in more detail below as these areas are critical in the antibacterial properties of GO. In the literature, GO and other graphene materials have demonstrated through both physical and chemical mechanisms they have the ability to reduce bacterial cell count of both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria1. Several pivotal studies have been conducted in order to determine the key mechanism behind the antibacterial properties of GO. Nada et.al studied the antibacterial mechanisms using Raman spectroscopy2, Zhang et.al studied the antibacterial activity using mass spectroscopy3, and Yusong et.al examined the effects of extraction of phospholipids from E-coli by graphene nanosheets4.These studies have led to the development of several mechanisms including the cutting of the membrane wall by the sharp edges of the defect sites (nanoknives), phospholipid extraction and oxidative stress. The various experiments to date regardless of experimental design demonstrated that it is not a single mechanism that is responsible for the antibacterial properties of GO but rather a combinat ion of several mechanisms that can contribute to the overall antibacterial properties. Ultimately, it is the breakdown in the cell membrane that causes intracellular leakage of vital proteins, nucleic acids, and cytoplasmic material that results in the loss of reproduction and cell death. The cutting mechanism also referred to in the literature as nanoknives is one of the most important mechanisms that lead to the antibacterial properties of GO. The sharp lateral edges of GO are able to penetrate into the cell membranes inner and outer layer. This leads to the loss of cell membrane integrity and leakage of intracellular materials such as the cytoplasm, nucleic acids, proteins and amino acids. Nada et al used a variety of techniques, such as Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to observe the cellular changes (deformation or loss of cell membrane integrity) of bacteria, such as E Coli when exposed to varying concentrations of GO material. Raman spectroscopy was used to determine how E.coli reacts to an increasing concentration of GO. From the research done by Nada and team the bands with the greatest change were those of adenine (a nucleic acid) (729cm-1), the S-S stretching vibrations (490cm-1) of the disulphide bonds (found on the surface of the cell) and the amide group (found in proteins) bending vibration at 610cm-1.2 The intensity of each of these bands increased with the increase in GO concentration. This positively confirms that GO had penetrated into the cell membrane, causing the loss integrity and allowing the intracellular material such as adenine and other proteins to leak from the cell. Once this material was leaked from the cell, its vib rational absorption increase the signal in the Raman spectrum intensified. The examined the effects of GO on E. coli using SEM was used to observe the morphological changes in cells after exposure to GO. Figure 1 below, shows the morphological effects on E. coli with increasing GO concentration2. Image A represents the control of E. coli cells. In image B, E. coli was treated with low concentration of GO causing morphological changes seen by the distortion (flattening or squishing) of the rod shape. As the concentration of the GO treatment increases the sharp edges of the GO material are able to penetrate into the cell membrane (as seen in the red arrow in image c) and lead to a loss of cell membrane integrity resulting in the leakage of the intracellular material. 2 This effect was not isolated to only gram-negative bacteria but also gram-positive bacteria as well, in which the thickness of the cell membrane is different however similar results were observed. Therefore, the thickne ss of the cell membrane does not play a critical role in the nano-knife cutting mechanism as GO was able to penetrate both the inner and outer cell membrane walls. The size of the GO also plays a key role in the cutting ability of GO due to the changes in the basal plane and lateral edges. A study lead by Perreault examined how altering the size of GO changed the cell viability of E. coli. GO sheets were altered by varying the sonication time and power in order to obtain GO sizes ranging from 0.65  µm2 down to 0.01  µm2.5 Using live/dead fluorescence staining it was determined that there was no change in cell viability (%living) when the bacteria was not in contact with GO as shown in the control of figure 2.5 The green dots represents the number of colony forming units (CFU) alive and the red dots are dead CFUs. The smaller sheet size of 0.01  µm2 has significantly lower cell viability (30%) when compared to the 0.65  µm2 sheet (73%).5 This phenomenon is explained by the fact that as the size of the GO material is decreased the amount of defects in the sp2 hybridized carbons of the basal plane and edges increases. T he defects are caused by either the addition of oxygen groups or shrinkage in size that destroys a portion of the basal plane. This effect creates additional sharp edges in both the lateral edges and basal plane leading to more nanoknives that are capable of cutting through the cell membrane. This allows for increase areas of interaction with the bacterial. This was also confirmed using SEM where larger sheet sizes (0.65 µm2) showed very little deformation and almost normal cell structure whereas smaller sheets (0.01  µm2) appeared to be flattened and deformed leading to a compromised cell structure5. It is interesting to note that the amount of surface defects also plays a critical role in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that will create oxidative stress to the cell membrane and additional loss of membrane integrity. Therefore, it is impossible to determine if only the physiochemical mechanism of cutting is the single mechanism that impacts cell viabili ty or multiple mechanisms do. In reality, with smaller GO size the loss of cell membrane integrity and intracellular leakage can be attributed to both the nano-knife effect and oxidative stress due to the increase in defects. This mechanism also has been shown to work in combination with other mechanisms such phospholipid extraction in which after cutting into the cell membrane the phospholipids are better able to be extracted by GO. This effect is due to hydrophobic attraction between the phospholipid tails and the à Ã¢â€š ¬-conjugated sp2 carbons of the basal plane. This will be discussed in further details in the later sections. GO is highly hydrophobic due to the à Ã¢â€š ¬-conjugation of the basal surface which allows it to interact with the phospholipid layer of the bacterial cell membrane. The oxygenated groups on GO provides a hydrophilic portion of the compound that is able to interact with the polar heads of the phospholipids. Yusong et al performed a detailed experiment on this and showed that extraction of the phospholipid molecules via hydrophobic interactions causes cell membrane deformation and collapse.5 There are two main mechanisms for the extraction of the phospholipids depending on the size of the GO material. With larger GO materials, the nanosheet will lie along the cell membrane causing a disruption of the phospholipid membrane; allow the GO material to embed itself into the lipophilic portions of the membrane1. For smaller GO materials, the sheet will lie perpendicular to the membrane and penetrate through the cell membrane (either partially or completely) via the nano-knife mechanism. This further supports the theory that it is not a single mechanism that allows for the antibacterial properties but a combination of several. The extraction of phospholipids occurs in several steps (see Figure 3). The first step involves a slight shifting of phospholipids due to the docking of the GO nanosheet as described by Yuesong (Image a).4 Next the phospholipid head will begin to break through the cell membrane and climb up the GO sheet (image b). This climbing effect is observed as result of the strong attractive forces between the hydrophobic regions of the basal plane and the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids. This extraction process will continue until the GO material is covered completely with phospholipids with several layers of phospholipids climbing at the same time (image d). The phospholipids will evenly spread over the surface in such a way that the hydrophobic tails will align with the hydrophobic regions of the basal surface and the polar heads will align with the oxygenated functional groups of GO (images e and f).4 The loss of the phospholipids from the cell membrane causes a loss in membrane dens ity which weakens the cell membrane. Due to the loss of density and the penetration of the GO into the cell, cell membrane integrity is lost resulting in the leakage intracellular fluids. This effect can be seen with the aid of TEM as morphological changes are easily identified using this method of analysis (see figure 4)4. Image A represents the initial state in which no morphological changes have occurred when E-coli was treated with GO.4 Over time as the phospholipid extraction occurs, the cell membrane density will decrease as shown in images b and c seen by the Type B arrows. The last step in the process is when cell integrity is lost and the intracellular material begins to leak. This effect is also observed in the images d-f where the cells are transparent due to loss of the cytoplasm4. This confirms that the phospholipid extraction occurs with the aid of the nanoknives leading to loss in cell viability. Another group of scientist lead by Zhangs used mass spectroscopy to map the metabolites of E-coli before and after exposure to GO.3 A typical mass spectrum of E-coli without GO treatment is shown Figure 5a. The most important peaks are at m/z 306 which corresponds to glutathione (GHS), which is an antioxidant commonly found in E. coli, and the membrane phospholipids phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG), at approximately m/z 600-8003. As the concentration of GO increased the overall intensities of the GSH, PE and PG all decreased (see fig 5b). This aligns with the previous studies of Yusong in which the extraction of the phospholipids leads to a decrease in cell membrane density. This was clearly observed by the decrease in signal intensities of both PE and PG. In the mass spec results obtain by Zhangs team there was also a decrease in GSH intensity. GSH is a critical antioxidant found in E. coli and will act as a scavenger for any free oxygen radicals that may be present in the bacterias environment. GSH prevents the oxidative breakdown of the phospholipid membrane that can also lead to a loss of cell membrane integrity and intracellular leakage. This finding confirms the previous hypothesis that there are many mechanisms running in parallel that ultimately attribute to the overall antibacterial properties of GO. In this very example, the nano-knives are able to cut into the phospholipid membrane and start the chain reaction of phospholipid extraction. This extraction causes a decrease in phospholipid density which in parallel with the cutting of the membrane by the nanoknives and oxidative stress leads to a loss in cell membrane integrity. This loss in cell membrane integrity leads to a loss of intracellular material such cytoplasmic mate rial, nucleic acids and proteins.. As demonstrated by the mass spectrum results obtained by Zhang et al, oxidative stress occurs when there is a decrease in antioxidant concentration (such as GSH)3. The consumption of GSH occurs in the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are typically composed of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions (O2*), hydroxyl radical (OH*) or singlet molecular oxygen species(1O2)1. When the antioxidants (such as GSH) are depleted the ROS compounds will then cause oxidation of key lipids in the cell membrane, proteins or even nucleic acids. The formation of the ROS compounds occurs due to the very nature of GO. When graphite is oxidized to form graphite oxide, the basal plane obtains additional defects as the result of the loss of à Ã¢â€š ¬-conjugation. This loss of à Ã¢â€š ¬-conjugation occurs due to the introduction of the oxygenated functional groups such as epoxides and hydroxyl groups which creates sp3 hybridized carbons. The introduction of the sp3 carbons alters the planer geometry of the basal plane by introducing tetrahedral carbons, creating defects in the lateral edges and basal plane. Additional defects can also be introduced as mentioned in the previous section when the size of the GO material is decreased. As the size of the sheets decreases the ability of the GO to stay as a perfect hexagonal structure also diminishes as the structure gets distorted to accommodate the smaller size. The process of oxidative stress begins with the formation of ROS compounds. Oxygen is absorbed to the surface of the basal plane or lateral edges at the defects sites to form surface oxides. These surface oxides release ROS species in the presence of antioxidants as a result of a redox reaction. In the presence of GSH (an antioxidant found in E. coli), the surface oxides found on GO are reduced by an electron transfer from GSH. Another GSH molecule will then donate a proton to the ROS species, causing its reduction and subsequent release of a water molecule.5 The deprotonated GSH molecule will then react with another GSH molecule to form glutathione disulphide. If GSH is not available, the ROS species will then oxidize the lipids in the cell membrane to form as a lipid peroxide radical causing oxidative stress to the cell membrane. This oxidative stress will continue down the cell membrane until the lipid peroxide radical encounters an antioxidant bound to the cell membrane such as V itamin E. It is important to keep in mind that with an increased amount of free oxygen radicals the extent of oxidative stress increases and the overall cell integrity decreases. As mentioned earlier, the size and shape of the GO plays a key role in determine the extent of the oxidative stress. As the size of the GO material decreases from 0.065 to 0.01 µm2 the amount of surface defects increases. Again this is due to the loss of the conjugation and destruction of the basal plane. With the smaller GO material the presence of additional defects allows for the formation of many more surface oxides that can later be reduced to form ROS compounds. These ROS compounds then will continue to deplete the antioxidants and lead to further lipid peroxidation. This effect will continue until enough oxidative stress exists to cause the membrane to collapse and bacterial death to occur. Perreault and team demonstrated this effect when they examined through Raman spectroscopy and cell viability testing that the size of the GO material plays a critical role in the ability of the material to induce oxidative stress. Figure 6 shows that as the size of the sheet decreases, the amount of disorder due to the defects (D band) increases. Therefore there is a direct correlation to number of defects and the ability of GO to form ROS species that interact with GSH. This is further confirmed with the graph in figure 6a which shows the %loss of GSH decreases with the increase in GO size. Therefore it not only the nanoknives that that are influenced by the size of GO but also oxidative stress due to the adsorbed oxygen and ROS formation. As demonstrated through the various studies conducted by Nada et al, Zhang et.al, and Yusong et al the key antibacterial mechanisms of GO are cutting via nanoknives, phospholipid extraction and oxidative stress that contribute to the overall antibacterial properties of GO. The research to date indicates it is not a single mechanism that creates the antibacterial properties of GO but a combination of all factors. How much antibacterial is dependent on the physical size of GO plays and the number of defects in the basal surface and lateral edges. As the size of GO decreases a larger degree of surface defects forms. These defects play two important roles in the antimicrobial properties of GO. First, an increase in surface defects creates an increase in the number of sharp edges that causes a loss of cellular membrane integrity. Directly, the cell membrane is compromised by the penetration of the nano-knives resulting in intracellular leakage of the cytoplasm, amino acids, proteins and n ucleic acids, Indirectly, once the nano-knives cut into the cell membrane it becomes embedded through attractive force between the hydrophobic tails of the cell membranes phospholipids and basal plane promotes phospholipid extraction. This extraction causes a decrease in cell membrane density which further breaks down the membrane causing additional intracellular leakage of key nucleic acids, cytoplasm and proteins. Lastly, the increase in surface defects of the basal plane increases the presence of reactive oxygen species. These species will react with any antioxidant present in the bacterial cell depleting their levels. Once depleted or reduced, the ROS will cause oxidation of the cell membrane lipids leading to a chain reaction of oxidative stress through the cell membrane. This also will lead to a loss of cell membrane integrity and intracellular leakage of key proteins and nucleic acids responsible for cell growth and replication. Without this material the bacteria cell will di e leading to the antibacterial properties observed in GO. With the development of drug resistant bacteria, new and inventive ways to treat bacterial infections need to be explored. GO with its unique chemical and physical properties show much promise as the next antibacterial treatment. Additional studies need to be conducted to determine the cytotoxicity of GO in animals and humans in order to development new treatment therapies. Zou,X.; Zhang, L.; Wang, Z., Luo, Y. Mechanisms of the Antimicrobial Activities of Graphene Materials. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 2064-2077 Nada, S.S; Yi, D.K; Kim, K. Study of antibacterial mechanisms of graphene oxide using Raman spectroscopy. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 28443; doi: 10.103,srep28443 Zhang, N.; Hou, j.; Chen, S.; Xiong, C.; Liu, H.; Jin, Y.; Wang, J.; He, Q.; Zhao, R.; Nie, Z.. Rapidly probing antibacterial activity of Graphene oxide by Mass Spectrometry-based metabolite fingerprinting Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 28045; doi: 10.1038,srep28085 Yusong, T.; Lv, M.; Xiu; Huynh, T.; Zhang, M.; Castelli, M.; Liu, Z.; Huang, Q.; Fan, C.; Fang, H.; Zhou, R. Destructive extraction of phospholipids from Escherichia coli membranes by graphene nanosheets. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2013, 8, 594-601, doi:10.1038/nnano.2013.125 Perreault, F.; Fonseca de Faria, A.; Nejati, S.; Elimelech, M. Antimicrobial Properties of Graphene Oxide Nanosheets: Why Size Matters. ACS Nano. 2015, 7, 7226-7236

Essay --

At the core of the conflict between the States of Palestine and Israel is constant development of new settlements by the State of Israel in Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT) in the effort to fragment the Palestinian State in order to preclude the establishment of a structured, Country of Palestine. Despite numerous Security Council Resolutions condemning such settlements and reaffirming their illegality, Israel continues to erect settlements in The West Bank, the Gaza Strip and East Jerusalem, refusing to withdraw from them and supposing a barrier between themselves and any potential peace solution that could be achieved or that have tried to be arrived to in the past. The Israelis have varying levels of authority in the Occupied Palestinian territories, but mostly retain full control of such regions, without any indications of possible leniencies arising. Apart from constituting serious breaches in the humanitarian law, the settlements are illegal by international law and viol ate the 4th Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian persons in Times of War. Regardless of this and using numerous justifications that call upon the right of the Israelis to settle in Palestinian Territory, settlement growth continues to increase even as international pressure for peace also becomes stronger. 1948- 1968 In May 1948 the State of Israel declares it independence. From this declaration to the Six Day War, there is no settling taking place due to Israel being at constant conflict with its neighboring Arab States. In 1967, the Six Day War marks what have come to be called the 1967 borders. Israel illegally annexes 70km2including considerable portions of Gaza, the West Bank and East Jerusalem. This same year, Israel’s De... ...srael’s security and that therefore must be annexed. The plan is not yet taken to action but will serve as a future reference for security oriented settlements. In 1982 the government continues to rule out any potential peace plans that could involve land being taken away from the State of Israel. The Prime Minister in 1984, Isaac Shamir presents his plan according to The A Hundred Thousand Plan contrived by the Ministry of Agriculture for settlements up to 2010 and emphasises there would be no change in the sovereignty held in the West bank. 1988-1992 During this period of time, the amount of Israeli settlements increases by 60%, following the Hundred Thousand Plan. The Israeli government continues to be transparent in its desire to continue building settlements and ensuring the development of them through infrastructure and control. By the end of this period,

Sherlock Holmes :: Sherlock Holmes Essays Detective

Sherlock Holmes †¦ . I propose to devote my declining years to the composition of a textbook which shal focus the whole art of detection into one volume. Sherlock Holmes: The Adventure of the Abbey Grange Sherlock Holmes is sometimes compared to a bloodhound. He smels out clues, folows them, and catches criminals. He is very good at this, and although he sometimes fails (as in The Yelow Face) his success rate is very high. Now there is an art in doing this, which Sherlock Holmes cals the art of detection, and he is an expert in this art. In fact he was planning on writing a textbook on the subject when he retired. But as far as we know he never got around to it. Sherlock Holmes is not the only one who folows clues, scientists do as wel, , and probably al of us. For it is by folowing clues that we find out things on our own, doing so without being told by those in the know. Sherlock Holmes catches criminals, and then they confess, not the other way 'round. Scientists find things out by themselves, not by asking God. Now finding out things on our own is not easy, but in ways big or smal most of us would have had this kind of experience whether we are aware of it or not. This is to say in practice we al know something about this art which here, folowing Sherlock Holmes, we are caling the art of detection. Indeed when reading Sherlock Holmes or other detectives few of us would hesitate to put in our two cents worth: we are competent to criticise their techniques since we too know something about this art. Most people think of the art of detection as a form of reasoning. It is not deductive reasoning, obviously, but something similar. Sometimes they point out the diference by saying deductive reasoning is reasoning forwards whereas in the art of detection we are reasoning backwards. They are both forms of reasoning; it is just that they move in opposite directions. What evidence is there to support the view that the art of detection is a form of reasoning? It would seem there is a great deal. Watson cals Sherlock Holmes the world's greatest reasoning machine. Would he do this if the art of detection were not a form of reasoning? Look at al the dificult cases Sherlock Holmes has solved.

My Hero, My Grandfather Essay example -- Personal Narrative

My Hero, My Grandfather My grandfather was a very loving man, he loved his family more than anything he had known. The only thing that could compare to his love for his family, was his love for his country. In his life he would have to make many sacrifices for his country, and the second would be supporting his wife and kids. He took on hardships with ease, he always had a certain calmness to him, this is something I idolize about him, I would like to learn how to act this way. He’s my hero because he was special, not like anyone else I have ever met, he knew he was special, but he never he never flaunted it. In this essay I will try to paint a picture of my hero, and give examples of why my grandfather is my hero. In January of 1933, my grandfather was born in the small Pennsylvania town of McKees Rocks. The second of five children, an older sister Joan, and three little brothers Terrance, John, and Jerome, all to their parents Robert W. Hileman and Katheryn Conolly Hileman. My grandfathers’ childhood was difficult, because it was part of this depression. When he was a kid his food was rationed, his family was only allowed so much of certain items sugar, meat, butter, and other certain things. When he was twelve years old, he got a job at a deli slicing meat, he did this to help his family out, this demonstrates that even at a young age he was willing to do whatever it took to help out what with he called â€Å"the cause†, or his family. His parents were very hard workers, his father was an air brake mechanic, at the Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad, he would put in long hard hours, to support his family. His mother was forced to work during World War II, she worked at a mill doing riveting work, later she worked at Bell Telephone. They were a very loving family, but work came first, this left very little time for their kids. My grandfather being the oldest son, was expected to help out more, one time when he was about twelve years old, his mom told him â€Å"Bobby, go to the store, and get me some bread† he said â€Å"OK.† Even though he did not want to go get it, he did it anyway, but as he went to get the bread, he became angry that he had to go get it, so when he got back to the house he had thrown the bread onto the roof of the house. This story has great meaning to me, because it was very rare that he would act out this extreme, espec... ...al use, instead of saving it for the soldiers who needed it. He would also tell me stories about how he and his friends would acquire food, by eating dog, tree bark, and broken up watermelon. He told me a story about when he was hungry, and he went into a territory occupied by the enemy to steal pieces of watermelon for himself and his friends. This is another example of him making sacrifices. he told me â€Å"I signed up to find adventure, like John Wayne, and boy did I get it.† Sometimes I think this was a dumb reason, but I respect that he was honest, and told me one reason he wanted to go to war, he also said he thought it would have been better than what he had at home. When he retired, he and my grandmother would go on many vacations, many would be to patriotic sites like Gettysburg, Washington DC, Virginia, and even some historic sites in Canada. By doing this he showed his love for his country, and history itself, he would do everything to the fullest. He raised his family to the best of his ability, he was a good family man, and a hard worker that endured whatever confronted him. This is why he is my hero, because of his strength and his will to make sacrifices.

Peer Acceptance Essay

As Sentse, Lindenberg, Omvlee, Ormel & Veenstra (2009) stated, the need to belong is one of the most important need of an individual, and during adolescence, the closest group of people that an adolescent could have strong attachments with is his/her family and friends. In a study by Khurshid & Rehman (2006), those who have low self-esteem were reported to have higher peer stressors as compared to others having high self-esteem. Their findings suggested that those who have low self-esteem face more problems with their peers; that because they lack in self-confidence, their peers would see them as inferior, considered them as a boring personality and that they always felt uncomfortable in the company of strangers, even among their friends. According to the study conducted by Parker et al. as cited in Kistner, David & Repper, 2007), the perception of an individual to be accepted by peers would contribute to his/her adjustment in school or in any other areas of his/her life. Rejected individuals who perceived themselves to be accepted by their peers tend to cope with and initiate social interactions better, than those who were rejected having negative perceptions of themselves being accepted (Rabiner & Coie as cited in Kistner, David & Repper, 2007). It was stated by Furman & Robbins (as cited in Kingery, Erdley & Marshall, 2011) that having the companion of peers would provide intimacy, affection and a source of reliance for an individual, thus helping in his/her adjustment and help enhance self-esteem. Behavioral Indicators: Individual feels that she belongs to a certain group; feels that she is not alone in life; accepts criticisms from other people; does not find it difficult to socialize with peers.

Impact of Globalization on Developing Countries

INTRODUCTION * globalisation describes the process by which regional economies, societies and cultures hasten be sustain interconnected through a global network of ideas. * This consolidation has been fueled by proficient advances in communication, transportation and trade that classify gobble up national divisions and barriers. * globalisation is recognize through a fig of trends much(prenominal)(prenominal) as growing economic integration and liberalization trade regulation crossroad of macroeconomic policies modification of the role and belief of nation state proliferation of supranational agreements and regulative bodies and globalisation of information systems. These trends ar associated with both(prenominal) affirmatory and negative impacts on humans well-being, the use and conservation of the milieu, equity within countries and between ontogenesis and genuinely countries, betrothal and democratic decision-making, food security, poverty relievo and ot hers. 1 http//elearn. usiu. ac. ke/webapps/portal/frameset. jsp? tab_tab_group_id=_2_1&url=%2Fwebapps%2Fblackboard%2Fexe runwaye%2Flauncher%3Ftype%3DCourse%26id%3D_4144_1%26url%3D- globalization LECTURE. PPTX EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON evolution COUNTRIES globalization has brought in natural opportunities to evolution countries.Greater access to developed earth markets and engineering science transfer hold out promise, better productivity and higher live patterns. that globalization has withal thrown up new challenges like growing contrariety across and within nations, volatility in monetary markets and environmental deteriorations. 2 This paper assesses the positive and negative impact of globalization on ontogeny countries in the avocation dimensions 1. Economic 2. Social 3. Political affirmative stinting IMPACT Increased cadence of Living Economic globalization gives governments of ontogeny nations access to outside lending.When these funds be used on infrastr ucture including roads, health c atomic number 18, reproduction, and social function, the standard of living in the plain join ons. If the money is used provided selectively, however, not all citizens provide enroll in the gains. Access to New Markets Globalization leads to freer trade between countries. This is one of its largest benefits to development nations. Homegrown industries see trade barriers pass out and bind access to a very much wider international market. The growth this gene computes allows companies to develop new technologies and produce new products and services.Access to New and much capital Developing nations attract opposed investments aftermathing in better smooth consumption, deepens financial markets, and increases the degree of market discipline. In to the highest degree developing nations, the financial markets are not fully developed, as such globalization is a boost to the countrys financial markets. Employment Opportunities Because the w ages in developing countries is far lower than that of developed countries, work such as soft state of ware product development, customer support, marketing, accounting and insurance is outsourced to developing countries like India.The workers in the developing countries set out employment. Access to technologies As a result of outsourcing, developing countries get access to the modish technology and technological improvements they are frankincense able to use the technologies to improve the standard of living. They can as well utilize these technologies in solving problems, for example advanced medical specialty to cure local diseases. Increased rival Due to the need to compete globally, companies retain had to reduce prices, which is good for the consumer in such countries. In addition, there is improvement of goods and services accompanied by improved technology.Globalization is therefrom a win for consumers. NEGATIVE ECONOMIC IMPACT Widening Disparity in Incomes While an influx of foreign companies and foreign capital creates a reduction in overall unemployment and poverty, it can also increase the wage gap between those who are educated and those who are not. Over the weeklong term, education levels will rise as the financial health of developing countries rise, exclusively in the short term, some of the ugly will become poorer. non everyone will participate in an elevation of living standards. Decreased EmploymentThe influx of foreign companies into developing countries increases employment in m whatever sectors, curiously for skilled workers. However, improvements in technology come with the new businesses and that technology spreads to domestic companies. automation in the manufacturing and agricultural sectors lessens the need for butcherly labor and unemployment rises in those sectors. If there is no infrastructure to booster the unemployed look at for the globalized economy, social services in the country may become strained assay to care for the new underclass. http//smallbusiness. hron. com/effects-economic-globalization-developing-countries-3906. html Globalization for Developing Countries in Asia Backed by sound economic policies and information technological advancements, the South-East Asian countries have prospered as their employment growth rate has increase tremendously. One fine example of this phenomenon is India which continues to have an economic growth rate of 8 percent or much per year. easygoing access to foreign capital and diversity magnitude foreign direct investment lays down the foundation for a competitive and yet, thriving market.Since the players increase in the market, the consumers not completely get better products, but also at a cheaper price. Hence, another benefit is low inflation rate which helps the country to have a stabilized economy. mendicancy has reduced in the Asian countries which have adopted liberalized economic policies. Companies from other countries stupefy their products with their technologies. Newer technologies in IT, production and research cut down the production cost, and increase sales. more(prenominal)over, they also sharpen the skills of the local labor force. Globalization in AfricaAfrica is a huge stainless with many countries which are downtrodden and poor for the most part sustaining life on agriculture and aquaculture. Not only that, there are regions which are torn apart by war and violence, and hence steady income from a immutable employment would work as a respite from the in-fighting. Education plays a major role in the development of any nation and is one of the important drawbacks in the growth of the African region. UNESCO believed that 48% of children in Africa were never ever enrolled in patriarchal schools in the year 2000.This disappointing number can go down if African countries open their doors to free market policies. With hearty players in the market, a major positive impact would be on the educatio n and technological field of the African continent. More resources and FDI would be at hand because of globalization and ensure lower exchange rate of local currency. Hence, it will indirectly help boom the economy. Though, globalization is not a magic wand and cannot wipe away all of Africas woes, but it can sure create a favorable environment for a fair and stable government.Globalization would supply any African country more closer to rest of the world and any wrongdoing on the part of a government or a faction can be monitored and curtailed. Trade treaties and co-dependence in business is fostered by globalization. It can call for about a vast change in the political, economical, and social set ups in Africa. With more money, resources and people coming to Africa, the real and the most devastating problems of these countries could grab the limelight, and ministration intervention can be provided by the global community. Read more at Buzzle http//www. buzzle. com/articles/be nefits-of-globalization. html

Supply, Demand and Diversity Factors in the Workforce of Australia

Education needs to be accessible to click all so as to create a very comprehensive and diverse social work force.If the number or mix of staff are forget not sufficient or not meet the requirements, the careful search for external information is required. Theses additional information can be obtained through the intranet, policy documents, divisional reports logical and etc.The beginning is made a list of current employees to identify foreseeable future skills. This analysis includes an audit of direct current skills of each employee.Strong growth was recorded in quite a few service-based industries.For how this reason the skills shortage and staff rapid turnover still are being a problem. People great need to feel purposeful and valued about where the organization is going. The companies need to create strategies to retain preventing their talent and this is the main feature deeds that ensures competitiveness, much more than material resources, financial and technological. The A NZ bank has a supply first intensive with over 15.

Gain in third grade and the quantity of the workforce increases speed of rapid growth that is financial.Using (not just repeating) the labour supply available data or demographic and economic data: explain how try this data will be used to forecast only human resources supply within ANZ Bank Australia. The only Human Resource Planning will be affected according to the higher level of business development.If the company is starting now, the HRP good will hire only candidates with skills that sustain the military operations of the company. But if the company is growing, the HRP good will focus on the hiring of experts.Demand for teachers is on the upswing.Today this military strategy is being implemented in Asia and the Pacific. industrie ANZ bank seeks to avoid redundancies. 3. Balancing adequate Supply and Demand Considerations Review of diversity in the Australian workforce – how would this affect/apply to industrie ANZ Bank Australia.

The labour market can be quite competitive.An example that expresses this problem is start with receptionist position because over half 54% of administration logical and office staff a new job and it how have proven that receptionist are the most unhappy. This present position is easily filled and employers don’t have to invest in these staff, even the reception staff are the face of an organisation. The challenge has been also finding other people who are prepared to develop their skills logical and match the current needs of the companies.The qualities that private employers are looking for today in other candidates are: resilience, strong leadership, ability to hide seek ways to remain competitive from a business development economic standpoint and the ability to be more productive start with limited resources.Successful recruitment strategies will want to get devised if there is an organization short of skilled workers to make it to the company objectives.The big bus iness also provides domestic partners with benefits.

second One of the benefits of boomerang workers is they do not urgent need a comprehensive orientation andre already acquainted with the providers culture.The common use of talent analytics increase.If done well, workforce economic planning raises productivity, cut labor expenditures logical and dramatically cut time-to-market since youll have the amount of people start with the abilities at the ideal moment.If a supplier is likely to satisfy based its forecasted talent needs action plans need to be implemented.

Ethical Issues in Information Technology Essay

The monastic ensnare develops with undreamt speed, from telegraphy, tele environ, communicate of nineteenth coke to the groundbreaking-day 21th century, which is the geezerhood with rapid at a lower placedeveloped and ontogenesis of acquaintance and tuition. For example, cyberspace has been utilise astray e veryplace in the world. We forebode it global, Web-based course of study, this platform en adapteds concourse to connect, compute, communicate, compete, and join anywhere, anytime to irritate unbounded amounts of schooling, services, and sport(Rainer & Cegielski, 2011 ).It is so patent data technologies proceeds us a gage in the meantime, IT in any case give the bounce lay out unexampled good problems. mora tilticity is a transcription of moral principles, or dissever of philosophical system traffic with determine relating to valet conduct, with get wind to the integrity and inappropriateness of noticed teleph unity amountions and to the goodness and whimsicality of the motives and ends of much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) characterizationion. They ac populateledge responsibilities, function and liability. The study honorable issues cerebrate to IT ar retirement, accuracy, blank space, and availableness to development (Rainer & Cegielski, 2011). retirement is the body politic of world abandon from unofficial intrusion. flat the full to silence is considered by federal official presidential term as habitual honor. outcome normally by and by commodious alter or losses of closely individuals, physical compositions or institutions, disposal comes up many secrecy act for enactment and certificate roles. retirement policies atomic number 18 an organizations guidelines for defend the silence of customers, clients and employees. They argon an es aver to void offences such as privacy, secure incursion individuation thief.The U. S. carnal hunchledge implement go od turns look at the honourable issues necessitating the worldly concern of the acts and the advances in it. allows see the future(a) examples. Do not foreshadow execution of instrument feign We know organizations argon able to collect, integrate, and dish bulky amounts of schooling on individuals, groups, and institutions finished estimator net plant. For example, a roach of the great unwashed make love receiving mercenary calls for parentage merchandising or survey, waster salient numbers phone measuring stick and budge military unit lives. fit to matter Do non see register (2011), recounting passed the Do non chitchat writ of execution prompt on January 7, 2003. The national communications missionary station everywheret adjustment for the Do non predict cash register on June 27, 2003 in order to accept with the Do- non- ejaculate effectuation typify of 2003. The program has proved kind of universal as of 2007, harmonise to one surve y, 72 per centum of Ameri do-nothings had registered on the disposition, and 77 per centum of those say that it make a large exit in the number of teleselling calls that they receive (anformer(a) 14 percent track a exquisite diminution in calls). other survey, conducted slight than a form after the Do Not Call list was implemented, comprise that bulk who registered for the list byword a simplification in telemarketing calls from an reasonable of 30 calls per calendar month to an sightly of 6 per month. No electronic thievery flake noetic billet is the nonphysical stead created by individuals or corporations that is defend under conduct secret, patent, and secure laws (Rainer & Cegielski, 2011 ). The most vulgar happy property concerns associate to IT copes with software product product. procure software without paying the proprietor is a right of first publication impingement.We comprehend a quid of complains from procure victims. It is very u nfair for the batch cook benefits by stealth the other rafts skill with hard- going. intercourse enacted the No electronic thievery ( interlock) subprogram in 1997 to serve pursuit of right of first publication violation on the network. The NET Act makes it a federal crime to reproduce, distribute, or share copies of electronic copyright works such as songs, movies, games, or software programs, yet if the individual write or distributing the physical acts without commercialised purpose and/or receives no head-to-head monetary gain. anterior to this law be passed, people who measuredly distributed copied software over the Internet did not hardihood sinful penalties if they did not arrive at from their actions. electronic copyright attack carries a supreme penalty of third geezerhood in prison and a $250,000 lovely (University nurture technology Services, 2010). end point thither pack been advances in IT that make believe been an addition to ancest ry today. The advances crowd out dishonor risk, calumniate cost, and maximal efficiency.When we stock advantages from IT, we keep mum postulate nurture privacy and able property. Whether you fiddle your testify telephone circuit or work in a large company, youll be challenged by these issues, and youll train to know how to deal with them. We charter chance upon how to recognize the threats to study security, and meet versatile exoneration mechanisms to cling to information systems. permits embrace the privacy act to bend the ethical issues in IT field. In that port we can value ourselves and honor the benefits which the modern information technologies bring to us.